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The 1921 Census of England & Wales, with its original household schedules and Plans of Division, has been digitised by Findmypast and is now available to view in full.
You can search almost 37.8 million records for your ancestors living in England & Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man or serving in the British armed forces overseas on 19th June 1921, and discover a detailed snapshot of their life at that time – where they lived, who they lived with, their age, their marital status, where they were born, details of employment and many more details about their lives and relationships.
The information given for a person varies according to, for example, their age and employment status. Typically, though, the 1921 Census records gives at least the following information about an individual:
Depending upon an individual's circumstances, the census return could also show other information such as:
For a typical household return, you will see a household members table, giving names and key details of individuals in the order in which they appear on the original census schedule. Where there are six or more individuals in the household, only the first five are displayed by default; if you click on “Show more rows”, the household table will expand to display the sixth and later individuals in the household on census night.
Beneath the household members table, you will see a full transcription for the individual whose row is highlighted in the table. Simply click on a different person in the household members table to highlight them and switch to their full transcription.
Our transcriptions include nearly every field shown on the original household schedules. This includes the information, newly requested in 1921, about orphanhood, schooling and employer.
Only two fields have not been transcribed, meaning you would need to view the image to see them. The first of these is the room count shown towards the bottom-left of the back of a household schedule. This is the count of living rooms – in other words, bedrooms, dining rooms, kitchens, parlours, sitting rooms etc; it excludes small functional spaces such as bathrooms, laundry rooms, sculleries and toilets. The second is the minor dependency grid which appears to the right-hand edge of the back of a household schedule. The dependency grid has boxes for ages between 0 and 15, into which the householder was supposed to enter an X (or two, in the case of twins, for example) for each child or step-child, whether or not they were at home on census night. This data was supposed to be entered in the row for each married man (not woman), widow or widower in the household. These instructions proved difficult for householders to comprehend and apply, and in many instances you will see, on the original images, how enumerators or Census Office officials had struck out householder mistakes and re-entered the crosses themselves. As a result, the grid is often untidy and unclear, and was not transcribed. In addition to these two fields, we have not transcribed the measure of housing density which may usually be seen as a handwritten single-digit number just to the left of the Schedule No box to the top-right on the back of a schedule.
The transcriptions also include administrative geographical and archival information extracted from elsewhere within the census.
If you scroll down below the full transcription, you will see further content. This may include, for example, a map of the local area, a gazetteer description, a link to a newspaper from 1921 and some infographics about the Registration District in which the household was situated. One thing you might well see in the infographic is that the Age Breakdown bar chart shows an excess of females over males in the 20-29 and 30-39 age group cohorts especially, due to deaths of men of fighting age in the Great War.
When you click through to view an image for a record of interest, for a typical household schedule you will be able to see the following set of images:
Note that there are maps only for England and Wales; not for Channel Islands or Isle of Man.
When you click through, you will land on the first image of those listed above – the back of the household schedule. To see any of the other images, click on Extra Materials.
You can also use the thumbnail images at the foot of the image viewer to flick through the filmstrip. The landing image (which has a highlighted border and is usually in the middle of the thumbnail strip) is the back of the household schedule. Usually the one to the right of your landing image will be the front of the same schedule, showing the address. Beyond that, you are likely to be taken to a different household, which means you will encounter the paywall. An exception to this is the extended schedule (e.g. types coded EE and WW) in which the household schedule comprises four pages and therefore four images – these are sequenced in the order back page 1, back page 3, back page 2 and front. If there are no more than 20 individuals in the household, you should be able to see all four images without encountering the paywall.
The 1921 Census of England & Wales was taken on the night of Sunday 19th June 1921. The Census was expected to be fully comprehensive, and endeavoured to enumerate all households, institutions, armed forces at home and overseas, and merchant navy and fishing fleets in port on census night or arriving in port in the days immediately after. As is customary, the 1921 Census of England & Wales also includes the so-called “islands in the British seas”: the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.
The 1921 Census includes the original census schedules, as completed in 1921. It also includes Plans of Division, which scoped how the census would be taken and divided up the country into manageable units called Enumeration Districts which could be covered by a single enumerator.
For the 1921 Census, there are no surviving Enumerator Summary Books (as seen in the 1911 Census) and no Census Enumeration Books (as seen in all the decennial censuses from 1841 to 1901).
Read on to find out how the census was taken in the summer of 1921 and how Findmypast brought it to life 100 years later.
####How the census was taken in 1921
The Census Act of 1920 put the census of England & Wales upon a permanent footing and enabled not just the 1921 Census but all future censuses to be taken. Before then, the census apparatus had had to be created anew before each census could be taken. From now on, the Census Office was a permanent part of the General Register Office, which was based in the north wing of Somerset House on the Strand in London. For 1921 Census operations, the Census Office took over the old Lambeth Union Workhouse in Prince’s Road (which, if you wish to find it on maps, was renamed Black Prince Road in 1939).
One of the first steps in the taking of the census is to divide up the country into manageable units – Enumeration Districts – each of which could be covered by a single person – the enumerator – in the course of a day. In urban areas, this might mean 300 or more households in just a handful of neighbouring streets. In rural areas, however, the enumerator might be expected to cover, on foot or by bicycle, a route of, say, five miles, visiting all the hamlets, isolated cottages and farmsteads within their Enumeration District.
The position of enumerator was a short-term contract. Enumerators were engaged for only for a period of a few weeks before and after census night. Most would have been teachers, office clerks and other literate and numerate individuals. Others were ex-servicemen – and of course in 1921 the teachers and office clerks could well have been veterans of the Great War too. Note that female enumerators had been engaged for each census since the 1891 Census.
Before census day, the enumerator had to identify all the households within their Enumeration District and address a census schedule (the familiar census return or form) for each one. A household was defined as an independent unit. For example, if there was a family living upstairs and a family downstairs in a two-storey terraced house, each was a separate household and needed its own census schedule. A boarder – an individual who received both bed and board within the family – was part of the household in which he or she boarded. On the other hand, a lodger – an individual who received bed only, and ate independently of their hosts – constituted their own household and required their own census schedule.
Note that it was possible, for the first time, to request a confidential census return. This would typically be asked for by someone sharing a household or institution who didn’t want their details, for whatever reason, to be visible to the head of household or chief residing officer. If an application for a confidential return was accepted, the individual would be given a regular census schedule to fill in and then pass it in person or by proxy to the enumerator, in a sealed envelope if they so wished. The schedule itself was indistinguishable from any other. Examples of confidential returns – identifiable by the associated allowed claims cards – can be found in ED 14 of piece RG 15/16867 (for Bucklow Registration District) – these appear to be for certain staff working at the David Lewis Colony at Marthall, outside Knutsford. Note, however, that the instructions to enumerators state that the name of the confidential person is to be completed on the main household schedule by the head of the household, and the rest of their details added by the enumerator in red ink, from the confidential census return, after receiving it back from the head of household. Therefore, if you see not the name but the rest of an entry completed in red, this should indicate a confidential request.
On the front of each census form, the enumerator wrote the name and address of the householder responsible for completing and returning the schedule. The enumerator also had to write the Registration District, Registration Sub-district and Enumeration District number. Some enterprising enumerators seem to have invested in bespoke rubber stamps to spare themselves the tedious task of writing out the same text hundreds of times.
The boundaries of the Enumeration Districts had been set earlier and defined by the so-called Plans of Division. An enumerator was appointed for each one – there were 38,563 EDs in total – and supplied with a stack of blank schedules believed to be appropriate to the task at hand. Then, between 11th and 18th June 1921 the enumerator went round his or her Enumeration District and distributed the census schedules according to need. A household in England with a headcount of up to 10 would receive the standard schedule type code E form. A larger household of 11 or more occupants would be given the next size up, being the schedule type code EE. However, if an enumerator ran out of Es, EEs might start to be given out to smaller households (and vice versa) – distribution of schedules was, in practice, both by need and by availability.
Each schedule was folded in four, so that the address panel appeared on the front. This may have been done for ease of posting through letter boxes, and/or convenience of carrying around the district if enumerators handed them to householders personally, while giving instructions on how to fill in the form, answering any questions and reminding them when he or she would return to collect the completed form.
The householder was responsible for writing in the personal particulars of each individual staying overnight in the household on Sunday 19th June 1921. You will see that this is not the date printed on the census schedules (which is 24th April 1921). The census was postponed from its originally intended April date because of industrial action. Coal miners were on strike and there was the prospect – later averted – of a national strike (involving transport workers) which led Lloyd George to call a state of emergency on 5th April 1921, which mobilised the Army Reserve and a new Defence Force from 8th April. The Census Office did not want to delay the taking of the census beyond June. If it were to do so, it would run into holiday season, which would distort the picture of population distribution. Whole factories in towns such as Bolton and Salford might close and workers decamp to seaside resorts such as Blackpool or Prestatyn, so producing misleading figures for the statisticians. Similarly, university students would break up for the summer vacation, and harvest season with its associated migrant labour flows would begin. Accordingly, unwilling to postpone further, the Census Office pressed ahead with the 1921 Census on 19th June 1921. The millions of forms printed for the intended April census were used rather than pulped.
You can give a person very precise instructions, both printed and verbal, on how to complete a form and he or she will still do it differently. This is the case with the 1921 Census, just as it must have been for all censuses before and after. For example, there is an instruction to fill in the form “in Ink”. Some householders did complete their schedules in blue or black ink, using fountain pens or dip pens; but others used indelible or laundry pencils, and others graphite or coloured pencil. Some householders misunderstood what was required in recording number and ages of children and in which row (it should have been against a husband and not additionally against his wife, for example). The child dependency grid on the right-hand side of the back of the schedule, where an X was meant to be entered against an age for each child and step-child up to and including 15 years, is often a mess, and where messy often redone by a clearly irritated enumerator or Census Office clerk.
From 20th June, the enumerator returned to their Enumeration District and started collecting the completed census schedules. You can imagine that this would not have been a single problem-free trip. Some householders would not have been in when the enumerator knocked. Some might not have been co-operative. Some might have filled in the schedule incorrectly, or have questions in need of answers, or concerns about the uses to which the asked-for information would be put – would it be used for conscription, for example? So we can imagine the enumerator having to make repeated excursions around their Enumeration District before they had gathered up all the schedules. At this point, the enumerator sorted the census schedules into a tidy and sensible order and numbered them, if they had not already been numbered, in the Schedule Number box on the back of the form.
By 27th June 1921, the enumerator should have checked and bundled up the census forms and taken them to the Sub-district registrar, who would be expecting such deliveries from all the enumerators for the Enumeration Districts within his Registration Sub-district. Further checking was done at this point and queries raised with enumerators, and also by enumerators with some householders at the instruction of the registrar. Only then was the Sub-district registrar comfortable binding and sending all the schedules for all their Enumeration Districts further up the chain, where they reached the Census Office in Lambeth.
The Census Office had a workforce of 550 at its peak in August 1922. This was made up of a relatively small number of permanent employees and a much larger number of contract workers brought in for the enormous task of processing the schedules. Like the 1911 Census before it, the 1921 Census used sophisticated mechanised data-processing instead of the old clerical “tabling and ticking” paper-based methods of the 1841 to 1901 Censuses. The largest cohort of staff employed were the 202 punchers, or punch-card girls. These were 15- to 17-year-old young women with manual dexterity who operated the machines that punched holes in tabulation cards to record coded information about each individual. These cards then went through separate sorting and counting machines to produce the tabulated raw data of interest to the statisticians and demographers of the Census Office. 37,886,699 cards were produced – one for every person enumerated in the 1921 Census.
Before the census schedules reached the punch-card girls, however, each one was examined by a clerical officer who made annotations in a distinctive green ink. Presumably, green was chosen as the available colour it was thought householders were least likely to use when filling in their forms. Principal among the green-ink annotations is the coding of occupation and employment, but you may see others in different parts of the forms. In particular, on schedules completed in the Welsh language, clerical officers, presumably using Welsh-English language dictionaries, went through and translated text into English, again using their distinctive green to do so. For example, you are likely to see translations of Welsh-language occupations and kinship terms.
The physical processing of the 1921 Census went beyond summer 1921 until at least 1923. The Census Office produced a variety of reports on their findings, beginning with a high-level summary Preliminary Report of 23rd August 1921 (just two months after the census was taken!), a series of county-level volumes dating from October 1922 to March 1924, thematic volumes in 1925, and finally culminating in a definitive General Report in 1927. Most of the temporary staff, such as the punchers, would have been laid off when the job of punching, sorting and tabulating was done, and presumably the permanent staff would then have vacated the former workhouse in Lambeth and gone back to the General Register Office’s headquarters at Somerset House. The original census schedules, bound into hard covers by the Sub-district registrars and making up more than 28,000 volumes, then went into storage. However, the Plans of Division were revisited in the early stages of the preparations for the ill-fated 1931 Census (which was destroyed in 1942 in a fire started accidentally by a dropped cigarette). The Census Office tweaked its administrative geography for 1931, especially the size and numbering of Enumeration Districts, in line with changes in population density and distribution. This is why you can see annotations on the Plans of Division dated all the way up to around 1928. The unfortunate thing for us is that at that time officials often struck out text that was valid in 1921 and overwrote it with updated text for 1931. As most of these textual alterations are not dated, it is not always clear what is a genuine correction dating to 1921 itself and what a subsequent change for 1931.
The surviving 1921 Census of England & Wales has none of the Census Enumeration Books which family historians are used to seeing in the decennial censuses from 1841 to 1901. We understand that Census Enumeration Books were not used in 1921 (nor in 1911). Neither does the 1921 Census have the Enumerator Summary Books of the 1911 Census, which give just the head of household – these certainly were compiled (an unused example may be found at the back of piece RG 15/24428) but they have not been retained. Instead, the surviving 1921 Census of England & Wales comprises the original household schedules (as in the 1911 Census) and the Plans of Division which enabled the Census Office to conduct its work with the maximum of efficiency during the long summer of 1921.
####How Findmypast digitised the census in 2019-2021
The 1921 Census does not appear online at Findmypast as if by magic. It was three long hard years in the making. Over 28,000 volumes in boxes on shelves were converted into indexed digital images for researchers to enjoy. How did that happen? These are the steps we took in processing the physical material so that it could be published online.
As just mentioned, in the summer of 1921 enumerators distributed the blank schedules – the census forms to be completed by each household in the country – to all addresses before census night and then collected them, filled in by householders, the week after. As with the 1911 Census, it is these original householder returns from 1921 that have been kept and survive today. The enumerators checked and processed the schedules, and then passed them on to the registrar of their Sub-district who, in turn, bound them into hardback volumes and packaged them up for the Census Office in London. Census Office clerical staff went through each and every census return, annotating them with occupational codes and sometimes making revisions in their distinctive green ink. A task force of nimble-fingered young women, mostly aged between 15 and 17, known as punchers, extracted information about each person on each census return on to tabulation punch-cards. The dextrous punch-card girls also undertook basic first-aid on damaged schedules, re-attaching detached sections. Comptometer operators then fed the punch cards into sorting and counting machines, which digested them and spat out the raw data that was to be worked up into the statistical abstracts that the government wanted to understand the population and develop policy.
After that the 1921 Census was closed by law, under the Census Act of 1920, for 100 years. Some parts of it were in fact used internally by the Census Office itself in the late 1920s to prepare for the 1931 Census (sadly now lost), and limited access was granted to academics on rare occasions. Other than that, though, the bound census returns sat in government department storage, occasionally moving from one place of deposit to another. For a while they were held at Somerset House on the Strand; later, in the basement of Audit House in London; and eventually at Christchurch in Dorset. They were shelved standing, as a result of which there was a tendency for papers to flag a little under their own weight. At some point prior to 1976, a part of the collection suffered from water damage, followed by mould and booklice infestation, which were treated according to the standards of the time. Other than that misadventure, essentially the 1921 Census sat in suspended animation for 97 years, patiently waiting to come of age.
What happened next was that the 1921 Census was brought back to life.
The books were placed in archive boxes and transferred to a secure government location in Titchfield, Hampshire for digitisation. There, under the watchful eyes and careful guidance of the Office for National Statistics and The National Archives, Findmypast set about the immense task of bringing the 1921 Census to its public.
Digitisation is the umbrella term we use for imaging and indexing a record set so as to make it publishable in fully-searchable form online. For the 1921 Census, though, there was an additional process which preceded the imaging and indexing – conservation. As we were moving into an empty workspace, devoid of everything except lights and power points, first of all we had to set up from scratch a fully-equipped conservation studio. This meant all the necessary work-benches, stools for when sitting and fatigue mats for when standing at bench, temporary shelving for holding batches of materials being worked on, trolleys and roll cages for transporting them, tools and aprons and personal protective equipment. We designed a workflow to optimise the available space – in other words, worked out how best to accommodate not just the many conservation team members as comfortably as possible but also how the archive materials would travel and be tracked around the space from one stage to the next in the conservation process.
We then carried out an audit or stock-take, to make sure that all the boxes we were expecting were in the studio, and that all the volumes were in the right boxes, and nothing that was in-scope was missing, and nothing that was out-of-scope was present. To give an idea what this entailed, in just the main record series RG 15, which contains the collection of census schedules, there were a little under 14,000 boxes. Each one of those boxes had to be located on its shelf, barcode-scanned, opened, its contents checked and then re-shelved. 28,162 pieces were found to be present and correct, including one or two which had been thought missing but which showed up bound into the back of other volumes. We mapped the stacks so we knew exactly which boxes were on which shelves on which bays and could confidently go straight to the one we wanted.
Only once the studio was ready and the audit had been completed could we commence conservation work.
In the context of the 1921 Census, conservation means conservation for digitisation. This is an approach to paper conservation that focuses on preparing and stabilising the documents for imaging, rather than on full repair and restoration. The objective is to be able to get the very best possible digital image from the paper document. In practice, what this meant was that for the main RG 15 record series we undertook the following conservation tasks, following The National Archives’ guidelines.
The work was a combination of heavy lifting (each box weighs 10kg and the racking was six shelves high, requiring the use of safety steps) and meticulous painstaking attention to detail. Our team of qualified conservators and enthusiastic conservation technicians with interests in archives, research and history worked on this project between January 2019 and October 2021. They had to contend not just with the massive task of preparing the census materials for digitisation but also with Covid-19 and social distancing. We thank them all for their invaluable contributions to the making of the 1921 Census:
Alex Cuschieri, Amy Thacker, Beatrice Brotto, Becky Dabnor, Bryn Lloyd, Carina Rosas, Catt Thompson-Baum, Charlotte Mace, Eleanor Towell, Elisa Schlarp, Ellie Smith, Eloïse Lovejoy, Emily Briffett, Frances McMullan, Hattie Dixon, James Pride, Jo Thompson-Baum, Katherine O’Kane, Lucy Daish, Lucy French, Maddie Leishman, Rachel Rhodes, Rachel Roberts, Rebecca Hayward, Rebecca Merrifield, Sarah MacLean, Sarah Melluish, Sophie Goode, Tanya Nakamoto & Vikki Groom.
All of us in the family history world owe them a debt of gratitude for their tireless work in making possible the publication of the 1921 Census.
For workflow reasons, conservation started several months before imaging. This is because conservation is necessarily a slower process – if the two processes were to start at the same time, the imaging team would catch up and not be able to work at optimal capacity. For a period of several months, therefore, the conservation team worked to build up a buffer – thousands of prepared volumes – sufficient to protect them from being caught up by the imaging team. Only when the buffer was in place did the imaging team begin its work.
In due course, each box of volumes prepared by our conservation team was collected by our partners in the imaging team. The requirement of the project was to create an exact digital surrogate, or facsimile, of the paper original, so that, if they wished to, researchers would be able to experience the census almost as if handling the original volumes, as far as that is possible online.
This meant imaging everything within the collection. And everything meant everything. As well as the actual census returns, we imaged the cover boards. We imaged all the blank pages. We imaged ephemera from the Census Office of 1921 which had inadvertently been left in the books, including internal office memos, the occasional punch-card, private notes passed between the punch-card girls, tram tickets… We photographed the stubs of pencils and petrified rubber thimbles, spent matches and roast chestnut shells. Some crushed and very faded flowers. A Belgian 5-centimes coin dated 1910. Everything in each volume was imaged from cover to cover. Over 18 million images were produced.
Two different technologies were used to create images:
Every image so produced was then individually quality-checked within the studio itself to make sure it was complete, fully in focus, not skewed and, in short, in every way as true as possible to the original document.
We would like to thank all members of the scanning and image QA team and in particular Daisy Owens, Emily Skelton, Hannah Kennedy and Suren Abrahamyan for their excellent work.
Following imaging, our conservation team members re-assembled each volume. This involved removing any polyester sleeves and any paper slips which had been used to flag vulnerable schedules. All the schedules were then checked to ensure they were the right way up and right way round, and were made neat and flush, before the cover boards were retied around them and the volume re-boxed and the box re-shelved.
The boxes were then transferred to a deep storage facility, where they are now archived in ideal environmental conditions. Each page in each book in each of those boxes now has its digital twin, and it’s these faithful counterparts which are published on Findmypast and will be available for use by researchers across the world for the foreseeable future.
These records conserved, imaged, transcribed and published by Findmypast come from three separate original archive series at The National Archives. These are:
In respect of all three series, please note that copyright applies as follows:
© Crown Copyright. Images reproduced by courtesy of The National Archives, London, England.
<https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk>
The National Archives give no warranty as to the accuracy, completeness or fitness for the purpose of the information provided.
Images may be used only for purposes of research, private study or education.
Applications for any other use should be made to:
The National Archives Image Library
Kew
Richmond
Surrey
TW9 4DU
Tel: +44 (0)20 3908 9131
Email: <[email protected]>
The 1921 Census was closed by law for 100 years under the Census Act of 1920. It is now an open public record. All records are open by default. We hope that centenarians will be excited to see their own records in the Census. However, if a centenarian does not wish their record to be open, they can request its closure. Their individual record would then be suppressed and it would not appear in search results, and the relevant row on the image would be redacted with a black-out bar. Requests can, of course, be made upon behalf of centenarians by their next of kin.
To request the takedown of the record of a surviving person who does not wish his or her 1921 Census entry to be public, please follow these steps from their transcription page:
Alternatively, if you have not viewed the transcription and do not wish to, you can email our customer services team direct at the following address: <[email protected]>. Please use “1921 Census takedown request” in the subject line of your email.
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